Ludwig Godefroy Architecture | 卡萨∙梅里达之屋 - 作品 - 园冶杯国际竞赛组委会

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

卡萨∙梅里达之屋作为单户住宅类项目，位于梅里达（Mérida）的历史中心，距其殖民区最大的中央广场，只有几个街区之遥；梅里达作为尤卡坦州的首府，同时也是玛雅文化的首都；它隶属于的尤卡坦半岛，则代表着墨西哥的玛雅人如今所站立着的绝大部分领土。尽管早在西班牙人抵达此处之前，玛雅文明就已经消失了相当长的一段时间，可玛雅人及其语言体系仍得以从历史的长河中幸存，衍用直至如今。也许正因为此，梅里达成为与墨西哥其他城区相比，更为特别的存在。它拥有了自己的思考方式，成为了某种意义上的，国中之“国”。

Casa Mérida is a single family house project located in the historic center of Mérida, a few blocks away from its main central square, in its colonial area. Mérida is the capital of Yucatán, but also the capital of the Mayan culture, Yucatán representing a large part of the mexican mayan territory.In spite of the fact this civilisation disappeared long time before spanish people arrived, Mayan people and languages always survived and still exist today, which always made this region very unique and different than any other in México ; a sort of small country within the country, with its own way of thinking.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

另一处重要的方面，是梅里达罕见的温暖气候，一年四季，始终如一。却也不乏温度极高，以及极度潮湿的时节：5月盛夏时的温度峰值可达四十摄氏度；而从6月的雨季期开始，一直持续到9月末，空气将会一直被氤氲的水汽所充满。数个世纪以来，这种独特的气候类型，引导着这座城市建筑的进化，使其逐渐演变成为极具辨识度，却同时保留传统主义表征的建筑派别——特点是将该城区的殖民历史性文化，与尤卡坦州的墨西哥的热带环境进行融合，从而形成别具一格的热带殖民风格。而这种建筑派别的原理，是利用房屋天花板的挑高结构，为自然交叉通风留出充足空间；同时和屋内的露台组合设计进行整合，它们彼此贯通，互相连接的结构可以加速空气于屋内外，进行更彻底的流动和更完整的循环；此为一套自然冷却系统的建立。

Another very important point is the fact that Mérida has a very peculiar warm weather all year long, with intense temperatures and a peak that can reach 40º celcius in May, as well as a very high level of humidity, specially during the rainy season from June until the end of September. Through centuries, this weather led the architecture of the city to a recognizable traditional typology, a mix of history of its colonization with its Mexican tropical reality from Yucatán, which resulted in a singular tropicalized colonial style. This typology is basically based on natural crossed ventilation under high ceiling volumes, all connected together by a series of patios letting the air flow through the entire house, providing this way a natural cooling system.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

数百年的演化，这种设计理念，俨然已经成为梅里达建筑的灵魂；它塑造了在空调出现和普及之前的漫长岁月里，梅里达建筑留给世人的经典形象；也正是因为它于某种程度上，满足抑或缓解了建筑设计中对于交叉通风特性的苛刻需求，特别是围绕着梅里达古老历史的中心区的，不同类型的建筑们，得以从曾经的设计局限和禁锢中解脱，被赋予了更多的可能。

For many centuries it has been the way of building, and it shaped a certain image of Mérida until AC ( air conditioning ) appeared, and made any kind of architecture possible around the old historic center, since the absolute need of crossed ventilation could now be balanced.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

如今的梅里达，已经成为对空调极度依赖的城市。人们无法想象离开空调后的生活，空调24小时运转的景象屡见不鲜。那么我们应该如何做，才能让现在的梅里达，从对空调设备的过分依赖中抽身而退？在奋力挣脱出这种依赖的过程中，就建筑本身而言，它又可以提供给我们什么可能性？为了寻找这些问题的答案，人们回溯过往历史，然后再次发问：如何才能建造出真正属于尤卡坦半岛的建筑？它将成为代表尤卡坦地域文化和身份认同的符号，是一种映照，也是一种反思。换句话说，如何才能建造出属于玛雅人自己的建筑？

Mérida is a city where life without AC is almost impossible, and where it became very usual to use it 24 hours a day. How can we step back from this intense use of AC Mérida is doing today？And what could be the possibilities architecture is offering us？With this goal in mind and having a look at the past, came the following question :How is it possible to build architecture that reflects and considers the yucatán identity, to make this house belong to its territory ？In other words, how could this house be mayan？

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

于是，卡萨∙梅里达之屋应运而生。它旨在探索现代建筑与传统建筑之间的关系。建筑师使用当地语系，代入本土语境，化繁为简地讲述了一个“卡萨∙梅里达”的故事，“现代”和“传统”被流畅而紧密地联结起来。

Casa Mérida project is exploring the relation between contemporary and traditional architecture, both connected through a very simple use of vernacular references.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

初次探访卡萨∙梅里达之屋，最先给人留下深刻记忆的，便是它8米x80米的独特比例，以此建立其细长甬道状的非完整矩形空间。它简单且震撼的直线结构，便是贯穿该建筑设计始末的核心概念，设计师刻意保留并强化长达近百米的边线，形成以住宅入口为始、泳池所在为终，悠悠跨越整座住宅空间的视觉引导；同时以此为基，将传统的气流降温理念应用其中。

When entering for the first time on site, something memorable was the unique proportion of the plot, which is a broken rectangle of 80 meters long X 8 meters wide, looking like a big lane. Here came the one and only idea of the project : to preserve this 80 meters perspective, as a straight line, crossing the entire plot from the entrance door until the ending point, where the swimming pool is located ; Inserting back the traditional air flow cooling concept as a starting point.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

卡萨∙梅里达之屋的长线构图，并不仅仅是为了加速气流内外循环，保证建筑的自然通风，实则是对玛雅独有的文化和建筑语系进行的一种引用，借鉴和提炼。用玛雅文的“Sacbé”一次来形容它，再精准不过——从字面意思来看，“Sacbé”有“白色小路”之意，指被石灰岩的灰墁覆盖所呈现出灰白颜色的石径；而在真实的玛雅城市中，“灰白色小路”的概念被夸张和放大化，延伸演变成足以贯穿城市的分割线。长长的引线将城市的不同构筑元素如庙宇，广场，金字塔和天然井*等逐一贯连，形成从一处到另一处，甚至可达数百公里的独属于玛雅人的“朝圣之路”。

But it was not only about the air circulation, this long perspective is also refering to the mayan antic culture and architecture, and more precisely to its mayan “Sacbé” literally the white path, stoneways covered with white limestone stuc. Those straight lines used to connect all together the different elements, temples, plazas, pyramids and cenotes of a mayan city; sacred ways which could even go from one site to another along a few hundred kilometers.

*天然井：天然井是指自然形成的排水河道，其中盛满清澈的水，用以祭祀和向众神献礼

*Cenotes：natural sinkhole, full of clear water, used for sacrifice and offers to the gods

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

这悠悠长路毫无预兆地唤醒了历史深处，极致简约又极致古典的建筑奥义。它被作为卡萨∙梅里达之屋的灵魂元素和核心思想，以显而易见的特征诠释和呈现：即时即刻地沿线而建，由线至面的维度转化紧随其后：垒砌成延伸至视线尽头的混凝土墙体，更强烈地吸引着人们款步向前，逐寸探寻，穿梭于层叠空间；卡萨∙梅里达之屋的“Sacbé”，已经不仅是归整或割裂空间的可视化轴线，亦是能够引导此处空间的人们寻路参观的流动态循廊。而在卡萨∙梅里达之屋项目开发的第二阶段，“Sacbé”的应用维度，自然地从字面意义上的“横向延展”切换至“纵向承重”；脊椎一般的混凝土立柱拔地而起，成为支撑屋顶石板的主要结构。

By Using the perspective, this very simple classical architecture artefact as a central element and main idea, the project got immediatly stuctured along this line, converted then in a long concrete wall guide, a sort of axis visually organizing the house, as well as all the movements, since it's also working as the main circulation hallway.In a second stage of the project development, it naturally and literally appeared as a vertebral column, therefore it became the main structural concrete element to carry all the rooftop slabs.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

而卡萨∙梅里达之屋的这种引风速流的立柱结构，借鉴了尤卡坦最古老也是最基本的建筑通风原理——自然交叉通风；这又继而引发了它对于另一个问题的思考：如何才能让伫立于城市中心的建筑，在不依赖现代技术的情况下，达到一种自给自足的最佳状态，从而避免无谓的区域能源浪费？为了回应这一担忧，卡萨∙梅里达之屋被刻意设计成独立于城，独立受控的存在。它以颇为遗世独立，返璞归真的田园之姿，静立于繁华喧嚣的都市中央。

With its airflow column, Casa Mérida went back to an original and elemental principle of the vernacular yucatec architecture, the natural crossed ventilation, which then brought the project to a second question : How is it possible to reach the best autosuffisance in the middle of a city, without being so dependent of modern technologies, to try to be more responsible with the energy waste management of the place？This next concern took the project towards the idea of disconnecting the house from the city to get a better control on it, basically creating a sort of isolated countryside situation in the middle of an urban context

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

设计者的话

From Ludwig Godefroy：

地理化分离

To Physically disconnect

位于梅里达的历史城区中心地带的建筑群，大多遵循传统建筑风格设计建造；房屋结构的排布顺序依次是：入口同街道相连的前院区，连接街道的步行路以及房屋内庭之间的社交区，之后是住户自用的私人区，最后便是后院区。它呈现出的逻辑，是一般意义上而言，从公共到私人的功能区渐变。

In the historic center of Mérida traditionally, houses use to be connected with the street, with the social area located between the sidewalk and the inner patio, behind which the private spaces take place, and a backyard at the end. The logic is gradually organized from public to private, and a functional area in the back.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

为了在地理层面上，将卡萨∙梅里达之屋与城市中心的其他部分实现分离，其社交区与后院区的位置在建筑整体布局中进行了调换；同时设计师将私人区的客厅、厨房和泳池送到了建筑结构逻辑的末端¬——那里是不易被临街杂音所打扰的，隐秘且安静的区域；功能性后院区则被重新安置于前门区，成为隔离开这小小住宅和这偌大城市的缓冲带。

To physically disconnect Casa Mérida from the city, the layout has been modified by switching the social area with the backyard area ; sending the living room, kitchen and swimming pool to the end of the land, futhermore the most quiet area where the noise of the street doesn't reach you anymore ; in order to bring the functional backyard to the front, to use it as a buffer on the city.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

类型化分离

To Typologically disconnect

除前后功能区的置换之外，卡萨∙梅里达之屋的总体布局，还会根据空间上有与无，盈与亏，满与缺，充满与留白的搭配节奏，进行对应的增减设计，实现优劣性平衡。譬如说，卡萨∙梅里达之屋通常会于“有”的空间两侧留出“无”的空间。这种设计可以为花圃和庭院的引入留出位置，从而使花园不再只是作为装点和修饰，反而能够作为房屋结构和空间的一部分，渗透、衔接或是融合于整体之中。室外空间被整合于内部空间之中，二者传统意义上的边界此时已变得模糊不清，视觉深度得到进一步的强化，从而为人们提供一种更立体、更厚重、更丰富的感官体验。

In addition to the permutation between front and back, the general layout of the house is also organized according to a regular rythm of positive built area and negative empty area, to always generate empty spaces on both sides of the built spaces, making the gardens participate instead of only being juxtaposed ornamental ones.

The outdoor spaces got integrated as part of the inner space, vanishing the classical border between in and out, increasing the visual depth in order to create a more generous amplitude sensation of the volumes.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

如今的墨西哥，人们或许已经习惯透过公寓的玻璃窗，去观察，感受，解读城市，并以目光所及作为日复一日生活的参照；人们逐渐忘记切身触碰和体验的重要。卡萨∙梅里达之屋的目的，便是让这种刻板印象彻底消失；它旨在唤醒人们对于另一种户外生活的想象和渴望，打破传统的观念，呼吁房子在提供给人们必需的安全感和私密感的前提上，不必将人们围于此间，困于屋内。它应该保持打开的姿态，同人们一起，长久地，自由地呼吸。

The purpose of this house is to make disappear our urban daily references from México city, where we live behind our large glass window apartments, to foment an outdoor life, in which the house is breaking the basic concept of the facade ; the house does not enclose people, it stays open and breathes permanently, while providing the essential feeling of protection and privacy.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

卡萨∙梅里达之屋正在颠覆花园为辅，建筑为主的经典理念，它想要创造一种建筑为辅，生态为主的花园类住宅新模式。

Casa Mérida is inverting the classical scheme of the house with its garden, to create a singular habitable garden with its house.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

能量化分离

To Energically disconnect

概括来讲，在卡萨∙梅里达之屋从以上两种感知的维度，同都市的大环境实现分离之后，它下一步需要实现断连的，便是“能量”了。在解决会导致主要能源消耗问题的制冷系统所带来的种种问题后，以及受过去的历史经验的启发，卡萨∙梅里达之屋鼓励住户，更合理更节制地使用空调，以此逐渐实现和来源于城市环境能量消耗的断连；而第二点要考虑的，便是水。

To conclude, after isolating the house in a sensitive way, came the last obvious point of disconnecting the house, energically speaking, from the city. After resolving the cooling system as the first major energy consumption issue, inspired by the architecture of the past, encouraging a most reasonable use of AC, The second point to consider was the water.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

事实上，尤卡坦地区的底层土壤中储存着丰富的水源。在这种情况下，探地打井，深钻取水曾是最合乎逻辑的解决方案。然而，要实现完整的水循环，雨水必须满足最终流回底层土壤的条件。因此，为加速雨水渗透和土壤吸收，卡萨∙梅里达之屋于它雕饰集水器下方安置了漏失井结构，并将其巧妙地融于整体构筑的美学基调中。除此之外，住宅和城市的废水系统同样需要实现某种意义上的断连。于是卡萨∙梅里达之屋采用了能够独立进行污水处理，并且能够浇灌花园的生态消化器；它能实现从水泵抽水至水源再生的完整周期，继而摆脱对城市废水处理系统的干预和依赖。

According to the fact Yucatán is a region full of water in the subsoil, to drill a borehole to get clear water from deep down was the most logical solution. However to complete a full cycle of water regenaration, the rain water had to go back to this subsoil, and absorption wells were designed to fullfill this function, placed under sculptural water collectors, which became part of the aesthetic of the house. The wasted water system also got disconnected from the one of the city, using a biodigester to treat the dirty water and generate watering for the garden. The full cycle from pumping to regenerating without letting the city in charge of our wasted water was now completed.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

最后需要实现断连的能量类型，是电力。卡萨∙梅里达之屋的解决办法是使用显而易见但切合实际的技术手段，例如使用太阳能锅炉对水进行加热，和太阳能电池板来满足余下的用电需求。

The last point was the electricity, resolved by using obvious but proper technologies, such as solar boilers to warm the water, as well as solar panels to cover the rest of the needs in electricity.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

文化类重连

To Culturally reconnect

卡萨∙梅里达之屋旨在去除不必要之物，摒弃任何多余的加工和装饰，只保留最基础的结构，使用最简单的材质。它使用碎石填缝的传统方法所建造的玛雅风奶油色石墙，通体是曾用于修筑玛雅金字塔和寺庙遗址的，只属于尤卡坦半岛的石材。地板和墙壁则是使用粗颗粒混凝土——也曾广泛应用于工业，却毫无疑问是梅里达当地开凿出产的核心结构建材。数量和规模皆可观的木质百叶门窗，齐整地镶嵌于墙体之中，为屋内引入更多的光线，营造更明亮的氛围。

The project is willing to get rid of the unnecessary, no finishing and no decoration, to only preserve the structural part, as well as only simple materials. Mayan cream stone walls have been built in a traditional way by covering the joints with the stone splinters, typical stone from Yucatán used in antic mayan pyramids and temples sites. The brut concrete has also been used for the floors and the walls, definitely industrial but still localy produced in Mérida, the main structural material. Finally to control the light atmosphere, massive wooden louver windows and doors have been designed.

卡萨∙梅里达之屋 Casa Mérida| Ludwig Godefroy Architecture；摄影：Rory Gardiner

由此可见，卡萨∙梅里达之屋90%筑造工程都是“就地取材”；使用尤卡坦半岛的本地材料，再由当地泥瓦匠和木匠们精心锻造，再以现代建筑语境，对其中所蕴藏的传统文化进行全新诠释。这些数量庞大的材料，没有经过任何特殊处理，也并不需要太过精细的维护；它们自在随性地接受岁月的洗礼，所有的老化和磨损，皆被视作建筑过程的一部分；于未来的某一日，这座房屋会在漫长时光的侵蚀之后、被如同新材质的铜绿覆盖。彼时将以另一种建筑理念和文化符号的身份，继续伫立。

The construction is reaching a 90% made on site, with local materials and built exclusively by yucatec masons and carpinters, a sort of modern reinterpretation of what could mean vernacular architecture. Made of massive materials which do not require special treatments or maintenance, accepting ageing and time as part of the architecture process, the house has been conceptualized to end up one day covered by a new coat of materiality : a layer of patina.