摘要

广东自秦汉以来一直是华南地区重要的政治、经济和文化中心，拥有漫长的海岸线、港湾和众多河道，凭借其特殊的靠海位置与开放环境特征，能够“得风气之先”而后“开风气之先”，率先与西洋文化相接触并融合发展，在中国近现代史（1840-2000）中占据着极其重要的地位。在景观和文化全球化的背景之下，城市个性和地域历史越来越受到重视，城市园林发展建设也成为了核心竞争力之一；公共园林作为外向、开放、包容的园林空间，有着优美的自然风光和深厚的文化底蕴，具有一定的时代、地域和人文特征，以其特有的性质提升改善着城市的生态、社会和经济效益。

本文以中国近现代历史为纲，在结合历史文献和前人研究成果的基础上，通过走访调研、拍照实测和绘图分析等方法，系统梳理出广东公共园林在不同时期的发展情况。从自然环境、社会环境、历史格局环境和发展交融环境探索公共园林的生成原因、公共性质和时代特征，从“城市发展——公共园林”、“公共园林——民众生活”的关系总结、归纳、分析公共园林发展演变的基本模式和设计手法，对今后的“城市景观绿脉”的建设、公共空间的整合、地域文化精神的传承及社会生活质量的提升都有着非凡的价值。

本文研究内容包括三个部分：

第一部分，基础性研究。首先对广东古代公共园林的发展历程进行回顾，再结合近代之前国外相关公共园林思潮，以历史的综合角度，从自然、社会、经济、文化、艺术等各个层面论述中西方公共园林产生的原因、发展方向及其影响，重点研究广东近现代公共园林的生成环境。

第二部分，系统性研究。根据广东公共园林的生成演变特点，分别对分布在粤北、粤中、粤东、粤西的公共园林进行考察，其中重点考察粤中一带公共园林的发展演变，并按照时间线索归纳出近现代不同阶段广东公共园林的发展情况，梳理总结出广东公共园林各时期发展演变的年代特征和根本原因，了解各类园林的历史转型；并以不同园林为对象，进行同类型公共演变的横向比较，总结其历史经验，分析不同时代广东公共园林的空间特色和文化内涵，探讨公共园林演变对城市发展与民众生活的影响。以此说明公共园林已成为时代主流，不仅传承历史，更是连接当代，对于其发展和演变的探讨更加具有现实价值和意义。

第三部分，归纳总结。探讨公共园林的地位。从城市发展的角度提出对公共园林传承及创新的建议，一方面说明公共园林的建设能够改善城市生态环境、提升城市生活质量，传承地域历史和营造文化景观，另一方面说明应在充分利用公共园林历史遗存的同时加强管理和维护。

    关键词：风景园林；广东；公共园林；发展；演变

Abstract

Since the Qin and Han Dynasty, Guangdong is the important center of politics, economy and culture in South China all the time, which has a long coastline, harbors and many rivers. With its special location by the sea and open cultural environment characteristics, to "fashion" and "pioneering", Guangdong takes the lead in communication, contaction, integration and development with western culture, occupying the extremely important status in the Chinese Modern History (1840-2000). Under the background of Landscape and cultural globalization, city individuality and regional history are getting more and more important, and the development of urban public gardens landscape construction has become one of the core competitiveness; as the outgoing, open, inclusive landscape space, public gardens have beautiful natural scenery and profound cultural connotation, which contain a certain period of time, geographical and cultural characteristics, to improve the city's ecological, social and economic benefits.

This paper is based on the modern history of China as the key link, through visits to research, photographs and mapping analysis and other methods, combing the system of Guangdong Public Gardens development in different periods on the foundation of previous research results and combined historical documents. From the natural environment, social environment, historical environment and development & integration environment to explore the causes of the formation of public gardens, public nature and the characteristics of the times, summarizing, concluding, analysing the basic model and design techniques of the development and evolution of public gardens from the relationship between “the development of the city - public gardens” and “public gardens - people's life”, having an extraordinary value to inherit the regional cultural spirit and to build landscape architecture constructions and urban public space in the future, including to improve the cultural life of the people.

This paper includes three parts:

The first part, basic research. By reviewing the development course of Guangdong ancient public gardens first, then combined with related foreign thought of public gardens before modern age. With a comprehensive view of history, finding out the reason of development direction and influence of the public gardens in the West and China from nature, society, economy, culture, art and other various aspects. Focus on the formation environment of morden Guangdong public gardens in modern age.

The second part, systematic study. According to the characteristics of Guangdong public Gardens generation and evolution, investigating the public gardens are located in northern Guangdong, eastern Guangdong, western Guangdong and central Guangdong respectively, which focuses on the development of central Guangdong in the area of public gardens, and to conclude the development situation of Guangdong public gardens in different stages by time line. Summarizing the evolvement and development of each period's characteristics and root causes of the Guangdong public gardens, and to understand the historical transformation from various types of other gardens; and to host different kinds of Guangdong public gardens as the object of transverse comparative analysis of the spatial characteristics and cultural connotation in different times. Summing up historical experience by analysis the public garden development evolution of urban public space and social life, and to understand the history of all kinds of landscape transformation. Then explaining public gardens development has become the mainstream of the times, not only inheriting the historical landscape, but also linking the contemporary. So the discussion of its development and evolution has more practical value and significance.

The third part, summary. Discussion on the status of public gardens in urban planning. Putting forward the advice from the point of view of urban development of inheritance and innovation. On the one hand that public garden construction improves the urban ecological environment, enhances the quality of urban life and regional history and create a cultural landscape heritage, on the other hand that the historical remains of public gardens should be fully protected and using, in the mean time, we should strengthen the management and maintenance.

Key words: landscape architecture; Guangdong; public gardens; development; evolution

摘要

广东自秦汉以来一直是华南地区重要的政治、经济和文化中心，拥有漫长的海岸线、港湾和众多河道，凭借其特殊的靠海位置与开放环境特征，能够“得风气之先”而后“开风气之先”，率先与西洋文化相接触并融合发展，在中国近现代史（1840-2000）中占据着极其重要的地位。在景观和文化全球化的背景之下，城市个性和地域历史越来越受到重视，城市园林发展建设也成为了核心竞争力之一；公共园林作为外向、开放、包容的园林空间，有着优美的自然风光和深厚的文化底蕴，具有一定的时代、地域和人文特征，以其特有的性质提升改善着城市的生态、社会和经济效益。

本文以中国近现代历史为纲，在结合历史文献和前人研究成果的基础上，通过走访调研、拍照实测和绘图分析等方法，系统梳理出广东公共园林在不同时期的发展情况。从自然环境、社会环境、历史格局环境和发展交融环境探索公共园林的生成原因、公共性质和时代特征，从“城市发展——公共园林”、“公共园林——民众生活”的关系总结、归纳、分析公共园林发展演变的基本模式和设计手法，对今后的“城市景观绿脉”的建设、公共空间的整合、地域文化精神的传承及社会生活质量的提升都有着非凡的价值。

本文研究内容包括三个部分：

第一部分，基础性研究。首先对广东古代公共园林的发展历程进行回顾，再结合近代之前国外相关公共园林思潮，以历史的综合角度，从自然、社会、经济、文化、艺术等各个层面论述中西方公共园林产生的原因、发展方向及其影响，重点研究广东近现代公共园林的生成环境。

第二部分，系统性研究。根据广东公共园林的生成演变特点，分别对分布在粤北、粤中、粤东、粤西的公共园林进行考察，其中重点考察粤中一带公共园林的发展演变，并按照时间线索归纳出近现代不同阶段广东公共园林的发展情况，梳理总结出广东公共园林各时期发展演变的年代特征和根本原因，了解各类园林的历史转型；并以不同园林为对象，进行同类型公共演变的横向比较，总结其历史经验，分析不同时代广东公共园林的空间特色和文化内涵，探讨公共园林演变对城市发展与民众生活的影响。以此说明公共园林已成为时代主流，不仅传承历史，更是连接当代，对于其发展和演变的探讨更加具有现实价值和意义。

第三部分，归纳总结。探讨公共园林的地位。从城市发展的角度提出对公共园林传承及创新的建议，一方面说明公共园林的建设能够改善城市生态环境、提升城市生活质量，传承地域历史和营造文化景观，另一方面说明应在充分利用公共园林历史遗存的同时加强管理和维护。

    关键词：风景园林；广东；公共园林；发展；演变

Abstract

Since the Qin and Han Dynasty, Guangdong is the important center of politics, economy and culture in South China all the time, which has a long coastline, harbors and many rivers. With its special location by the sea and open cultural environment characteristics, to "fashion" and "pioneering", Guangdong takes the lead in communication, contaction, integration and development with western culture, occupying the extremely important status in the Chinese Modern History (1840-2000). Under the background of Landscape and cultural globalization, city individuality and regional history are getting more and more important, and the development of urban public gardens landscape construction has become one of the core competitiveness; as the outgoing, open, inclusive landscape space, public gardens have beautiful natural scenery and profound cultural connotation, which contain a certain period of time, geographical and cultural characteristics, to improve the city's ecological, social and economic benefits.

This paper is based on the modern history of China as the key link, through visits to research, photographs and mapping analysis and other methods, combing the system of Guangdong Public Gardens development in different periods on the foundation of previous research results and combined historical documents. From the natural environment, social environment, historical environment and development & integration environment to explore the causes of the formation of public gardens, public nature and the characteristics of the times, summarizing, concluding, analysing the basic model and design techniques of the development and evolution of public gardens from the relationship between “the development of the city - public gardens” and “public gardens - people's life”, having an extraordinary value to inherit the regional cultural spirit and to build landscape architecture constructions and urban public space in the future, including to improve the cultural life of the people.

This paper includes three parts:

The first part, basic research. By reviewing the development course of Guangdong ancient public gardens first, then combined with related foreign thought of public gardens before modern age. With a comprehensive view of history, finding out the reason of development direction and influence of the public gardens in the West and China from nature, society, economy, culture, art and other various aspects. Focus on the formation environment of morden Guangdong public gardens in modern age.

The second part, systematic study. According to the characteristics of Guangdong public Gardens generation and evolution, investigating the public gardens are located in northern Guangdong, eastern Guangdong, western Guangdong and central Guangdong respectively, which focuses on the development of central Guangdong in the area of public gardens, and to conclude the development situation of Guangdong public gardens in different stages by time line. Summarizing the evolvement and development of each period's characteristics and root causes of the Guangdong public gardens, and to understand the historical transformation from various types of other gardens; and to host different kinds of Guangdong public gardens as the object of transverse comparative analysis of the spatial characteristics and cultural connotation in different times. Summing up historical experience by analysis the public garden development evolution of urban public space and social life, and to understand the history of all kinds of landscape transformation. Then explaining public gardens development has become the mainstream of the times, not only inheriting the historical landscape, but also linking the contemporary. So the discussion of its development and evolution has more practical value and significance.

The third part, summary. Discussion on the status of public gardens in urban planning. Putting forward the advice from the point of view of urban development of inheritance and innovation. On the one hand that public garden construction improves the urban ecological environment, enhances the quality of urban life and regional history and create a cultural landscape heritage, on the other hand that the historical remains of public gardens should be fully protected and using, in the mean time, we should strengthen the management and maintenance.

Key words: landscape architecture; Guangdong; public gardens; development; evolution